Moreno:
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Moreno Nisslam Levy
"Spontaneity, by Moreno’s definition: an adequate response to a new situation and/or a novel response to an old situation, is a general condition existing before and in the course of any creative act, generated through the warming-up process."
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Moreno Nisslam Levy:
"Jacob L. Moreno (originally Moreno Nisslam Levy) was born on May 20, 1892 (alternately, in some sources, May 18, 1889) in Bucharest, Rumania to sephardic Jewish parents.
In 1894 at age two (alternately, four), his family moved to Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He early decided upon a career in medicine and, after studying mathematics and philosophy at the University of Vienna, he began his training as a doctor there in 1912.
During his years as a medical student, Moreno became involved in various projects involving storytelling to children and group work with s of the Am Spittelberg District in the capital city.
In this period, Moreno settled upon a number of crucial insights including a rejection of Freudian theory and its negative views toward "acting out" as well as reflecting on the potential for personal change which could be effected within group social settings. He claimed in later life to have coined the term "group psychotherapy" during this time.
Moreno received his M.D. degree in 1917 and was soon appointed as superintendent of a children's hospital in Mittendorf.
The patients there were refugees from the Tyrol and the advance of Italian troops.
In his role, Moreno closely observed the social organization of the children, their parents and families as well as the shifting alliances and groupings of the wider community. These observations led to further reflection on the ways in which social systems functioned. He practiced psychotherapy in Vienna and the nearby Volsau from 1919 until he left for America in 1925.
He also founded a monthly literary and philosophical publication, Daimon, the first of a range of subsequent publications he began throughout his life. One of Daimon's contributing editors was the Jewish existential philosopher, Martin Buber.
Beginning in 1921, Moreno began experimenting with the use of dramatic or theatrical methods as a means of treating groups of individuals. His "Komendian Haus" experiment that year was followed soon thereafter with the founding of Das Stegreiftheater or The Sponteneity Theater.
This facility used improvisational drama and served as a kind of testing ground for his emerging ideas about psychiatric treatment means of theatrical practices. In the early 1920s, Moreno also developed a complementary set of ideas which he termed sociometry, a research method which detailed the social structure of entire groups.
This development of psychodrama and sociometry continued after Moreno's arrival in the United States in 1925.
He established a psychiatric office in New York City and, at the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, briefly worked with children through psychodramatic techniques. In 1929, Moreno organized an Impromptu Theater at Carnegie Hall which met three times weekly and employed psychodrama and group psychotherapy. In 1931, he carried out a series of studies at Sing Sing prison in New York on sociometry and used the term "group psychotherapy" for the first time publicly at the 1932 American Psychiatric Association meeting in Philadelphia.
The following year, he began a long-term sociometric study (1933-1938) at the New York State Training School for s at Hudson, NY with Helen H. Jennings as his co-investigator.
Results of this work -- about 100 "sociograms" illustrating the social structure of the School's population -- were displayed at the NY State Medical Society meeting that year. In 1934 he published his fundamental analysis of community and social groups in Who Shall Survive? and introduced psychodrama to St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC, one of the most innovative psychiatric facilities in the country. In 1936, Moreno opened his own sanatarium at Beacon, NY, a small city along the Hudson River about 60 miles north of New York City. This facility included a theater built to permit psychodrama sessions. In 1937, he began publication of Sociometry: A Journal of Inter-Personal Relations. This scientific journal was initially edited by the eminent social psychologist Gardner Murphy and served as an influential outlet for his work as well as other social scientists interested in role theory and the behavior of groups."
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Harvard University:
PsychodramaLeaders: lindblom
Keywords: harvard university, harvard, lindblom, psychology, psychodrama, cognitive science, general systems theory
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